{"id":87,"date":"2026-04-09T02:03:12","date_gmt":"2026-04-09T02:03:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hi-posts.com\/vn\/avoiding-god-class-trap-ooad-principles-clean-code\/"},"modified":"2026-04-09T02:03:12","modified_gmt":"2026-04-09T02:03:12","slug":"avoiding-god-class-trap-ooad-principles-clean-code","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hi-posts.com\/vn\/avoiding-god-class-trap-ooad-principles-clean-code\/","title":{"rendered":"Tr\u00e1nh b\u1eaby “L\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n”: C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng then ch\u1ed1t cho m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ea1ch"},"content":{"rendered":"

Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u00edt m\u1eabu n\u00e0o nguy hi\u1ec3m b\u1eb1ngL\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n<\/strong>. C\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdiL\u1edbp M\u00ec X\u00e0o<\/em> ho\u1eb7cB\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n Th\u00f4ng minh<\/em>, m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ea5t bi\u1ebft qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 \u00edt. N\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng con, thu th\u1eadp logic t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi ng\u00f3c ng\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp tin kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khi t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n d\u1ec5 g\u00e3y, kh\u00f3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. \ud83d\uded1<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOAD) cung c\u1ea5p khung l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mang t\u00ednh module, d\u1ec5 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 linh ho\u1ea1t. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a L\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n, h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u00f3, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf n\u00f3 kh\u1ecfi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ea5p cao, c\u00e1c m\u1eabu c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tinh ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 hay khung c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

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\"Educational<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\ud83e\udde9 L\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n

L\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd chung, n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd truy c\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n logic kinh doanh v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n sao ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ecdi ph\u00f2ng ban trong m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh. \ud83c\udfe2<\/p>\n

Khi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, n\u00f3 vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i. Thay v\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t, L\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh giao di\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap, chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang cho L\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda l\u1edbp trung t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung c\u1ee7a L\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  • S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t t\u1eadp tin duy nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed7i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m d\u00f2ng m\u00e3.<\/li>\n
  • T\u00ednh li\u00ean k\u1ebft cao:<\/strong> N\u00f3 tham chi\u1ebfu tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/li>\n
  • Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c:<\/strong> N\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn t\u0129nh ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t (singleton) qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n
  • Vi ph\u1ea1m ranh gi\u1edbi:<\/strong> N\u00f3 tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn logic tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh v\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
  • Kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed:<\/strong> C\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00ec l\u1edbp n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \ud83d\udcc9 H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/h2>\n

    Cho ph\u00e9p L\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng lan truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp tin duy nh\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u01a1n \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd gi\u00fap bi\u1ec7n minh cho n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tinh ch\u1ec9nh m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

    1. Nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \ud83d\udcc9<\/h3>\n

    Khi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi tham gia d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp tin kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1ed3ng logic v\u00ec m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u1edbt qua h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n d\u00f2ng m\u00e3, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 g\u00e2y ra l\u1ed7i h\u1ed3i quy. N\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

    2. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \ud83e\uddea<\/h3>\n

    Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t. L\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n v\u1ed1n d\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 b\u00ean trong n\u00f3, b\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i d\u1ec5 g\u00e3y, ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

    3. \u0110i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \ud83d\udea7<\/h3>\n

    Khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ee3p l\u00fd n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eebng th\u00eam t\u00ednh n\u0103ng v\u00ec l\u1edbp n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n khi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 logic. C\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p xung \u0111\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, v\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ec7p trung t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

    4. C\u00e1c h\u00f2m ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \ud83e\udde0<\/h3>\n

    Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng vi\u1ebft l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi nh\u00f3m, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t theo h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu duy nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong l\u1edbp m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

    \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a OOAD \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba<\/h2>\n

    \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Khung nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc SOLID, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

    1. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t (SRP) \u2696\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

    \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n. SRP n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp x\u1eed l\u00fd k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, t\u00ednh thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 g\u1eedi email, th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ba l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n thu\u1ebf, l\u1edbp n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, l\u1edbp n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p email thay \u0111\u1ed5i, l\u1edbp n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

    \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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    • Chia c\u00e1c l\u1edbp l\u1edbn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp nh\u1ecf, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
    • \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
    • H\u1ecfi: “N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i thay \u0111\u1ed5i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c trong l\u1edbp n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng?” N\u1ebfu c\u00f3, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi ph\u1ea1m SRP.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      2. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc M\u1edf\/\u0110\u00f3ng (OCP) \ud83d\udd13<\/h3>\n

      C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00eam t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00ean cho ph\u00e9p th\u00eam ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u1edbi tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

      \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u00e0nh vi.<\/li>\n
      • Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi m\u1edbi th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u1edbi thay v\u00ec s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i logic hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/li>\n
      • Ng\u0103n l\u1edbp trung t\u00e2m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo t\u1eebng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u00ednh n\u0103ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        3. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thay th\u1ebf Liskov (LSP) \ud83d\udd04<\/h3>\n

        C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cha n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp con m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac logic \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p (c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i if-else) vi ph\u1ea1m t\u00ednh an to\u00e0n ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp con cho ph\u00e9p h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ph\u00ecnh to l\u1edbp cha.<\/p>\n

        4. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t giao di\u1ec7n (ISP) \ud83c\udfaf<\/h3>\n

        Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1eddng tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n l\u1edbn bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c cho c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Chia nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n l\u1edbn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1eebng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, s\u1ebd ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nhu c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd chung.<\/p>\n

        5. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c (DIP) \ud83d\udd17<\/h3>\n

        C\u00e1c module c\u1ea5p cao kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c module c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p. C\u1ea3 hai n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi l\u1edbp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y, l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o giao di\u1ec7n, cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

        \ud83d\udcca So s\u00e1nh Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t vs. L\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n<\/h2>\n

        \u0110\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t b\u1ea3ng so s\u00e1nh sau gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/th>\nH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t<\/th>\nH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
        K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbp<\/strong><\/td>\nNh\u1ecf, t\u1eadp trung (50-200 d\u00f2ng)<\/td>\nL\u1edbn, ph\u00ecnh to (1000 d\u00f2ng tr\u1edf l\u00ean)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        T\u00ednh li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/strong><\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o giao di\u1ec7n<\/td>\nCao, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        T\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft<\/strong><\/td>\nCao, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy nh\u1ea5t<\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed<\/strong><\/td>\nCao, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n song song<\/strong><\/td>\nNhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un kh\u00e1c nhau<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i, xung \u0111\u1ed9t g\u1ed9p th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/strong><\/td>\nAn to\u00e0n, thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9<\/td>\nNguy hi\u1ec3m, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        \ud83d\udd27 C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cho m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3<\/h2>\n

        \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra khi b\u1ea1n th\u1eeba k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n? Lo l\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

        1. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi \ud83d\udccf<\/h3>\n

        Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u00ean trong l\u1edbp. Nh\u00f3m ch\u00fang theo ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 x\u1eed l\u00fd I\/O t\u1ec7p tin kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng? X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng c\u1ee5m logic n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ee5m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

        2. Tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \ud83d\udcc2<\/h3>\n

        S\u1eed d\u1ee5ngk\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t L\u1edbp<\/strong>k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. Di chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c li\u00ean quan t\u1eeb l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n sang m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u1edbp m\u1edbi c\u00f3 constructor v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ri\u00eang. B\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n

        3. Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u giao di\u1ec7n \ud83d\udee3\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

        Sau khi logic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di chuy\u1ec3n, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t. L\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n ban \u0111\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n nay n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o giao di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y thay v\u00ec tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t logic trung t\u00e2m kh\u1ecfi chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

        4. Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u0129nh \ud83d\uddd1\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

        C\u00e1c l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn t\u0129nh \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. Thay th\u1ebf ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e8n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. Truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0o constructor c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u1ea7n ch\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 theo d\u00f5i h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

        5. Chia nh\u1ecf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \ud83d\udd2a<\/h3>\n

        C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c d\u00e0i b\u00ean trong l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 lan r\u1ed9ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. Tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, th\u00ec n\u00f3 n\u00ean thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

        \ud83c\udfa8 C\u00e1c m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n<\/h2>\n

        M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1eefu \u00edch trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a logic.<\/p>\n

        1. M\u1eabu Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \ud83c\udfb2<\/h3>\n

        Khi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n cho c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng M\u1eabu Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Thay v\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp l\u1edbn v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i t\u1eebng thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf l\u1eabn nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap l\u1edbp ch\u00ednh t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p thay v\u00ec tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n

        2. M\u1eabu Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \ud83c\udfed<\/h3>\n

        S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n \u0111ang t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau, h\u00e3y di chuy\u1ec3n logic \u0111\u00f3 sang Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y. L\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

        3. M\u1eabu Quan s\u00e1t vi\u00ean \ud83d\udc40<\/h3>\n

        T\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi tin nh\u1eafn kh\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn. Thay v\u00ec l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n g\u1ecdi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

        4. M\u1eabu B\u1ee9c m\u00e0n \ud83c\udfad<\/h3>\n

        N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0o duy nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng con, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng M\u1eabu B\u1ee9c m\u00e0n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a giao di\u1ec7n cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng nh\u01b0ng che gi\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. B\u1ee9c m\u00e0n s\u1ebd \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ch\u00ednh B\u1ee9c m\u00e0n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

        \ud83d\udcc8 C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n theo d\u00f5i<\/h2>\n

        \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u00f4i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n, h\u00e3y theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1ch quan v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p:<\/strong>\u0110o l\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh qua m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p cao trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp duy nh\u1ea5t cho th\u1ea5y qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nh\u00e1nh logic.<\/li>\n
        • S\u1ed1 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 (LOC):<\/strong>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 500 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 n\u00ean k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
        • S\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (CBO):<\/strong>\u0110o l\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec3m CBO cao cho th\u1ea5y l\u1edbp n\u00e0y l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c.<\/li>\n
        • \u0110\u1ed9 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y k\u1ebf th\u1eeba (DIT):<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 che gi\u1ea5u c\u00e1c l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n. H\u00e3y gi\u1eef c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n
        • Li\u00ean k\u1ebft Afferent\/Efferent:<\/strong>Theo d\u00f5i s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbp ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u1edbp \u0111\u00f3 (Afferent) so v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbp m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o (Efferent). M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft Afferent cao.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \ud83e\udd1d Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/h2>\n

          C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ebd v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m. Ngay c\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u l\u00fd do \u0111\u1eb1ng sau n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • Xem x\u00e9t m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm c\u00e1c l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n. \u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: “L\u1edbp n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng?” trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh xem x\u00e9t.<\/li>\n
          • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng l\u1edbp. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0m n\u0103m vi\u1ec7c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o.<\/li>\n
          • \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc OOAD. L\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n do thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m.<\/li>\n
          • T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/strong>\u0110\u1eebng c\u1ed1 s\u1eeda m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1eebng module m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \u26a0\ufe0f Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khi t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/h2>\n

            Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o:<\/strong>Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean bi\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c di chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
            • Qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a:<\/strong>T\u1ea1o giao di\u1ec7n cho t\u1eebng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ri\u00eang l\u1ebb. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch. Ch\u1ec9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n
            • B\u1ecf qua ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed:<\/strong>T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed l\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ng an to\u00e0n, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/li>\n
            • T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm:<\/strong>C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u00e3 n\u00e0o. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \ud83c\udf31 T\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n<\/h2>\n

              X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1edf, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

              Khi m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbp n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 “b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh” hay “l\u1edbp qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd”, th\u00ec ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 “b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd thanh to\u00e1n” hay “d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng”, th\u00ec thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111ang v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

              Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu khi t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. D\u00f9 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u1ea1ch gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 di chuy\u1ec3n nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. N\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khi \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3.<\/p>\n

              Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 gom t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i, b\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. L\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u1eaby d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3ng v\u1ed9i. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn theo m\u00f4-\u0111un, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh. \ud83d\ude80<\/p>\n

              H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng m\u00e3 s\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 c\u00fa ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 giao ti\u1ebfp. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec, th\u00ec n\u00f3 qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Chia nh\u1ecf ra. T\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n. Gi\u1eef cho \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

              B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh lu\u00f4n linh ho\u1ea1t, v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. L\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u00e9m, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1, v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n lu\u00f4n kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f\u2705<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u00edt m\u1eabu n\u00e0o nguy hi\u1ec3m b\u1eb1ngL\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n. C\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdiL\u1edbp M\u00ec X\u00e0o ho\u1eb7cB\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n Th\u00f4ng minh, m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3n…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":88,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tr\u00e1nh b\u1eaby l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n: Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc OOAD cho m\u00e3 s\u1ea1ch","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ngay h\u00f4m nay.","inline_featured_image":false,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[6,13],"class_list":["post-87","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-object-oriented-analysis-and-design","tag-academic","tag-object-oriented-analysis-and-design"],"yoast_head":"\nTr\u00e1nh b\u1eaby l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n: Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc OOAD cho m\u00e3 s\u1ea1ch<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c l\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. 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