{"id":83,"date":"2026-04-09T11:15:06","date_gmt":"2026-04-09T11:15:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hi-posts.com\/vn\/object-oriented-analysis-design-mid-level-developers\/"},"modified":"2026-04-09T11:15:06","modified_gmt":"2026-04-09T11:15:06","slug":"object-oriented-analysis-design-mid-level-developers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hi-posts.com\/vn\/object-oriented-analysis-design-mid-level-developers\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trung c\u1ea5p: V\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00fa ph\u00e1p c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac"},"content":{"rendered":"

Chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong t\u01b0 duy. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o c\u00fa ph\u00e1p, h\u1ecdc v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p, h\u00e0m v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00e0y k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOAD) cung c\u1ea5p khung n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 tri\u1ec3n khai n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trung c\u1ea5p, vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u OOAD l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a OOAD. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n t\u00edch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a mi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

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\"Hand-drawn<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 C\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a OOAD \ud83e\udde9<\/h2>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 hay t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. N\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Khi b\u1ea1n vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng OOAD, b\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u00e0m v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng OOAD, b\u1ea1n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u00ednh module, gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm v\u1eefng<\/h3>\n
    \n
  • Bao \u0111\u00f3ng:<\/strong>G\u00f3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp. N\u00f3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf truy c\u1eadp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n
  • K\u1ebf th\u1eeba:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u1edbi k\u1ebf th\u1eeba thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u vi\u1ec7c l\u1eb7p m\u00e3.<\/li>\n
  • \u0110a h\u00ecnh:<\/strong>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c nhau ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e3 linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n
  • Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a:<\/strong>Che gi\u1ea5u c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n

    Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m g\u00ec, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. B\u1ecf qua b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i sau n\u00e0y khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

    X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/h3>\n

    M\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng. Sau khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng:<\/strong>Ai \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng? (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean, Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, C\u1ed5ng thanh to\u00e1n).<\/li>\n
    • M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau:<\/strong>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec? (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0110\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng, T\u1ea1o b\u00e1o c\u00e1o).<\/li>\n
    • Lu\u1ed3ng:<\/strong>Nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a mi\u1ec1n<\/h3>\n

      M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a mi\u1ec1n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kinh doanh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c danh t\u1eeb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong b\u1ea3n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

      V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, c\u00e1c danh t\u1eeb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3mKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em>, S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/em>, \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>, v\u00e0 H\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n<\/em>. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

      C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong mi\u1ec1n<\/h3>\n

      C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/th>\nM\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/th>\nV\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a A li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a B.<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t H\u1ed3 s\u01a1.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a A li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a B.<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u<\/td>\nNhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a A li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a B.<\/td>\nSinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc; C\u00e1c Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u Sinh vi\u00ean.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

      Khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fac b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nhau. Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sang c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n

      Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/h3>\n

      Trong c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n giao tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp. M\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Th\u00f4ng tin:<\/strong> L\u1edbp bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n
      • H\u00e0nh vi:<\/strong> L\u1edbp th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Khi giao tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: Ai c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y? Ai ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb7t logic v\u00e0o l\u1edbp sai.<\/p>\n

        Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc SOLID<\/h3>\n

        Ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft SOLID \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho n\u0103m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 OOAD.<\/p>\n

        1. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t (SRP)<\/h4>\n

        M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ea3 logic c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, th\u00ec n\u00f3 vi ph\u1ea1m SRP. Vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i logic c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Gi\u1eef c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

        2. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc M\u1edf\/\u0110\u00f3ng (OCP)<\/h4>\n

        C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i. B\u1ea1n n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

        3. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thay th\u1ebf Liskov (LSP)<\/h4>\n

        C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cha n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp con m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp cha mong \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3u chu\u1ed7i, th\u00ec l\u1edbp con kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ki\u1ec3u tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

        4. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u00e1ch giao di\u1ec7n (ISP)<\/h4>\n

        Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecb \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n l\u1edbn v\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, h\u00e3y t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau.<\/p>\n

        5. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c (DIP)<\/h4>\n

        C\u00e1c module c\u1ea5p cao kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c module c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p. C\u1ea3 hai n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00e1c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft; chi ti\u1ebft n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n

        M\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf: C\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh \ud83e\udde0<\/h2>\n

        C\u00e1c m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ec3 sao ch\u00e9p, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

        C\u00e1c m\u1eabu t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng<\/h3>\n

        C\u00e1c m\u1eabu n\u00e0y x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con thay \u0111\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra.<\/li>\n
        • Builder:<\/strong> X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t. M\u1eabu n\u00e0y h\u1eefu \u00edch khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u tham s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.<\/li>\n
        • Singleton:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 duy nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec3m truy c\u1eadp to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u1ea9n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          C\u00e1c m\u1eabu c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/h3>\n

          C\u00e1c m\u1eabu n\u00e0y gi\u00fap \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • Adapter:<\/strong> Cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng nhau. N\u00f3 bao b\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n m\u1edbi.<\/li>\n
          • Decorator:<\/strong> Cho ph\u00e9p th\u00eam h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n
          • Facade:<\/strong> Cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            C\u00e1c m\u1eabu h\u00e0nh vi<\/h3>\n

            C\u00e1c m\u1eabu n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Quan s\u00e1t vi\u00ean:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sao cho khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n
            • Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i t\u1eebng thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf l\u1eabn nhau. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3.<\/li>\n
            • L\u1ec7nh:<\/strong> \u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3i m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c nhau, x\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c ghi nh\u1eadt k\u00fd c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \ud83e\uddf9<\/h2>\n

              Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u1eabn suy gi\u1ea3m theo th\u1eddi gian. C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169 tr\u1edf n\u00ean sai l\u1ec7ch. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

              Nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n<\/h3>\n
                \n
              • M\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p:<\/strong>Sao ch\u00e9p v\u00e0 d\u00e1n c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng trong b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/li>\n
              • C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c d\u00e0i:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 10-15 d\u00f2ng, th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00f3 \u0111ang l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c.<\/li>\n
              • L\u1edbp l\u1edbn:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn, h\u00e3y chia nh\u1ecf n\u00f3.<\/li>\n
              • K\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u00e2u:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u00e2u, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p thay v\u00ec k\u1ebf th\u1eeba.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n<\/h3>\n
                  \n
                • Tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c:<\/strong> Chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi.<\/li>\n
                • Tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t l\u1edbp:<\/strong> Chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u1edbi.<\/li>\n
                • N\u00e2ng l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng\/ ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c:<\/strong> Chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c l\u00ean l\u1edbp cha.<\/li>\n
                • \u0110\u1ea9y xu\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng\/ ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c:<\/strong> Chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c xu\u1ed1ng l\u1edbp con.<\/li>\n
                • Thay th\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1m b\u1eb1ng truy v\u1ea5n:<\/strong> \u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3i m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1m b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed trong OOAD \ud83e\uddea<\/h2>\n

                  Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi nhau. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean d\u1ec5 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed h\u01a1n v\u00ec tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

                  Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb<\/h3>\n

                  Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb x\u00e1c minh h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ri\u00eang l\u1ebb. Trong OOAD, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp (mocking) \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, nh\u1eb1m kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf hay k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n

                  Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/h3>\n

                  Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u00edch h\u1ee3p x\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng nhau. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i b\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m tra xem c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00fang khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

                  Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed (TDD)<\/h3>\n

                  TDD l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 tri\u1ec3n khai. Chu k\u1ef3 g\u1ed3m \u0110\u1ecf (vi\u1ebft ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i), Xanh (vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed), v\u00e0 T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac (l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch m\u00e3). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

                  T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 Giao ti\u1ebfp \ud83d\udde3\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                  Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 giao ti\u1ebfp. M\u00e3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n

                  Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (UML)<\/h3>\n

                  UML l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tr\u1ef1c quan chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n v\u1ebd m\u1ecdi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp:<\/strong> Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, thao t\u00e1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/li>\n
                  • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1:<\/strong> Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c theo th\u1eddi gian. H\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<\/li>\n
                  • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong> Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u1eeb g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.<\/li>\n
                  • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i:<\/strong> Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    Duy tr\u00ec t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u lu\u00f4n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt<\/h3>\n

                    T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. T\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 so v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch ch\u1ec9 khi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

                    Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                    Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1eafc b\u1eaby khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng OOAD. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

                    Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c<\/h3>\n

                    \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra chi ph\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, h\u00e3y gi\u1eef thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc KISS (Gi\u1eef \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, ngu ng\u1ed1c). \u0110\u1eebng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                    T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm<\/h3>\n

                    Ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc. Ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                    Li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd<\/h3>\n

                    Khi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o nhau, vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp kia. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u00e8n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ecfng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y. Li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean mong manh.<\/p>\n

                    \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ea7n<\/h3>\n

                    C\u00e1c l\u1edbp bi\u1ebft qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ea7n. Ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. Ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n logic v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

                    C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \ud83d\udccb<\/h2>\n

                    B\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y mai nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? H\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y cho t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u:<\/strong>Ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau.<\/li>\n
                    2. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong>Li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c danh t\u1eeb. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng.<\/li>\n
                    3. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau (m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u, v.v.).<\/li>\n
                    4. V\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp b\u1ea3n nh\u00e1p:<\/strong>V\u1ebd ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3ng tr\u1eafng.<\/li>\n
                    5. \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng SOLID:<\/strong>Xem x\u00e9t b\u1ea3n nh\u00e1p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 c\u00f3 vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
                    6. Tri\u1ec3n khai giao di\u1ec7n:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
                    7. Vi\u1ebft ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed:<\/strong>X\u00e1c minh h\u00e0nh vi kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/li>\n
                    8. T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/strong>D\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p tri\u1ec3n khai trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \ud83c\udf31<\/h2>\n

                      Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh. Khi b\u1ea1n t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh nghi\u1ec7m, tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc SOLID m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n suy ngh\u0129 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, d\u1ec5 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

                      B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c d\u00e0i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m. \u0110\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng h\u00e3y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0o b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00fa ph\u00e1p, b\u1ea1n n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                      Chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong t\u01b0 duy. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":84,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn OOAD cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trung c\u1ea5p: V\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i c\u00fa ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"N\u1eafm v\u1eefng Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. H\u1ecdc c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc SOLID, c\u00e1c m\u1eabu v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u00e0nh cho nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trung c\u1ea5p. 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