{"id":67,"date":"2026-04-11T05:53:48","date_gmt":"2026-04-11T05:53:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hi-posts.com\/vn\/essential-object-oriented-analysis-design-checklist-junior-engineer\/"},"modified":"2026-04-11T05:53:48","modified_gmt":"2026-04-11T05:53:48","slug":"essential-object-oriented-analysis-design-checklist-junior-engineer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hi-posts.com\/vn\/essential-object-oriented-analysis-design-checklist-junior-engineer\/","title":{"rendered":"Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft m\u00e3"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1edbi v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y cho\u00e1ng ng\u1ee3p. \u00c1p l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i giao m\u00e3 nhanh th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch quan tr\u1ecdng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3 d\u1ec5 v\u1ee1 th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOAD) cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.<\/p>\n<p>Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea3y th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o tri\u1ec3n khai, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i refactoring li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ed1i ren. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. N\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u00f5 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft d\u00f2ng logic \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img alt=\"Charcoal contour sketch infographic showing the 6-phase Object-Oriented Analysis and Design checklist for junior engineers: problem space analysis, functional requirements with use cases, conceptual class modeling, structural relationships (association\/aggregation\/composition\/inheritance), behavioral sequence diagrams, and quality assurance with SOLID principles, coupling\/cohesion balance, and common pitfalls visualized in hand-drawn artistic style\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hi-posts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/ooad-checklist-infographic-junior-engineers-charcoal-sketch.jpg\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<h2>\ud83e\udde0 Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1: Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/h2>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1edbp hay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m g\u00ec. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec3n khai. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n:<\/strong> Ai t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t API b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i hay m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp l\u1ecbch ch\u1ea1y n\u1ec1n? Li\u1ec7t k\u00ea m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau:<\/strong> M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng hay gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c? Ghi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<li><strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea1m vi:<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb? Vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra v\u00ec ranh gi\u1edbi ban \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ee9c tranh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. H\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83d\udccb Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2: Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/h2>\n<p>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp sang c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n<h3>1. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n. Khi xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi sau:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong>S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh?<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 di\u1ec5n ra su\u00f4n s\u1ebb.<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng thay th\u1ebf l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u1ed7i, h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf hay \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u1eadu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0o sau khi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>2. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng mang t\u00ednh h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1eadn nhu c\u1ea7u. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t [vai tr\u00f2], t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n [t\u00ednh n\u0103ng], \u0111\u1ec3 [l\u1ee3i \u00edch].<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c khi n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 3: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/h2>\n<p>Khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh. B\u1ea1n \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c danh t\u1eeb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n<h3>1. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h3>\n<p>\u0110\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng. Nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c danh t\u1eeb. Nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0o c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp. Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong>Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0<em>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/em>, <em>\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Giao di\u1ec7n:<\/strong>Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 giao ti\u1ebfp (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0<em>D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb:<\/strong>Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh thay v\u00ec danh t\u00ednh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0<em>Ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7<\/em>, <em>\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>C\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1eebng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u1edbp qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp x\u1eed l\u00fd k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 g\u1eedi email, th\u00ec n\u00f3 qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n<h3>2. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0<strong>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, h\u00e3y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>N\u00f3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin g\u00ec?<\/strong> (Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh\/T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t)<\/li>\n<li><strong>N\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thao t\u00e1c g\u00ec?<\/strong> (Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c\/H\u00e0m)<\/li>\n<li><strong>N\u00f3 bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c?<\/strong> (M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng &#8220;<strong>GRASP<\/strong> c\u00e1c m\u1eabu nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn tinh th\u1ea7n. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1eabu <em>Chuy\u00ean gia Th\u00f4ng tin<\/em>m\u1eabu g\u1ee3i \u00fd ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3.<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83d\udd17 Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 4: Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp. Ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<h3>1. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/h3>\n<p>Hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhau (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t <em>Sinh vi\u00ean<\/em> \u0111ang \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t <em>Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cto\u00e0n th\u1ec3-ph\u1ea7n\u201d trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t <em>B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn<\/em> c\u00f3 <em>Gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cto\u00e0n th\u1ec3-ph\u1ea7n\u201d m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, n\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t <em>Ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0<\/em> c\u00f3 <em>Ph\u00f2ng<\/em>; n\u1ebfu ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng c\u0169ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t).<\/li>\n<li><strong>K\u1ebf th\u1eeba:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp l\u00e0 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: <em>Xe t\u1ea3i<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <em>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>2. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/h3>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. H\u00e3y h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trung gian ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac logic.<\/p>\n<p>Tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, vi\u1ec7c v\u1ebd c\u00e1c h\u1ed9p v\u00e0 m\u0169i t\u00ean tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u00e2y k\u1ebf th\u1eeba qu\u00e1 s\u00e2u.<\/p>\n<h2>\u2699\ufe0f Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 5: Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u00e0nh vi<\/h2>\n<p>C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u00e0 t\u0129nh; h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau? Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n<h3>1. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/h3>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau theo th\u1eddi gian. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5c ngang v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5c d\u1ecdc. Khi v\u1ebd c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng).<\/li>\n<li>Theo d\u00f5i lu\u1ed3ng tin nh\u1eafn t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y sang \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<li>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y.<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>B\u00e0i t\u1eadp n\u00e0y ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u1ea9n. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng A \u0111ang g\u1ecdi \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng B, m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng B l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng C, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean cho t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. M\u1ed9t <em>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/em> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nh\u01b0 <em>B\u1ea3n nh\u00e1p<\/em>, <em>\u0110ang xem x\u00e9t<\/em>, <em>\u0110\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n<\/em>, ho\u1eb7c <em>\u0110\u00e3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef<\/em>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 cho m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n<li>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n g\u00e2y ra chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 b\u1ecb ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n. M\u1ed9t <em>\u0110\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n<\/em> t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>B\u1ecf qua logic tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1ebfu logic ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n<h2>\u2705 Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 6: Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. B\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00edch t\u1ee5 \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n<h3>1. Li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft<\/h3>\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>G\u1eafn k\u1ebft cao:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u1ea5p:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 n\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c th\u00f4ng qua giao di\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c API c\u00f4ng khai.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>N\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf n\u0103m l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n qu\u00e1 cao. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 g\u00e3y v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n<h3>2. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc SOLID<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc M\u1edf\/\u0110\u00f3ng:<\/strong>C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thay th\u1ebf Liskov:<\/strong>C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho ki\u1ec3u c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u00e1ch giao di\u1ec7n:<\/strong>Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c:<\/strong>Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\ud83d\udcdd Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra OOAD chuy\u00ean gia<\/h2>\n<p>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1edf m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ghi d\u1ea5u t\u1eebng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Lo\u1ea1i<\/th>\n<th>M\u1ee5c ki\u1ec3m tra<\/th>\n<th>Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/td>\n<td>T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/td>\n<td>\u2610<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/td>\n<td>C\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft cho t\u1eebng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/td>\n<td>\u2610<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/td>\n<td>C\u00e1c danh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ch\u01b0a?<\/td>\n<td>\u2610<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/td>\n<td>C\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m duy nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng?<\/td>\n<td>\u2610<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/td>\n<td>C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p\/T\u00edch h\u1ee3p) c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/td>\n<td>\u2610<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/td>\n<td>C\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/td>\n<td>\u2610<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>H\u00e0nh vi<\/td>\n<td>C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd cho c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ch\u01b0a?<\/td>\n<td>\u2610<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>H\u00e0nh vi<\/td>\n<td>Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian s\u1ed1ng d\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng?<\/td>\n<td>\u2610<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/td>\n<td>S\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c module \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a ch\u01b0a?<\/td>\n<td>\u2610<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/td>\n<td>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc SOLID kh\u00f4ng?<\/td>\n<td>\u2610<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>X\u00e1c th\u1ef1c<\/td>\n<td>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u01b0a?<\/td>\n<td>\u2610<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>X\u00e1c th\u1ef1c<\/td>\n<td>C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p bi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng?<\/td>\n<td>\u2610<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>\ud83d\udeab Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh<\/h2>\n<p>Ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f3 danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i b\u1eaby khi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n<h3>1. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh mi\u1ec1n tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng<\/h3>\n<p>\u0110\u1eebng t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c getter v\u00e0 setter. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khi logic kinh doanh b\u1ecb d\u1ed3n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mi\u1ec1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e3y nh\u00fang logic v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t <em>T\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng<\/em> n\u00ean bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n <code>r\u00fat ti\u1ec1n()<\/code>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef s\u1ed1 d\u01b0.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c<\/h3>\n<p>R\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c m\u1eabu cho nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ch\u01b0a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1eebng t\u1ea1o giao di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ecdi nhu c\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho nhu c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng h\u00e3y gi\u1eef m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n linh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc <strong>YAGNI<\/strong> (B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<h3>3. B\u1ecf qua lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n<p>Ch\u1ec9 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc n\u01a1i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ra. T\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1ebft l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ngay g\u1ea7n ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c thay v\u00ec truy\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 qua nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n<h3>4. G\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd th\u00f4ng qua ki\u1ec3u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/h3>\n<p>\u0110\u1eebng kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao di\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec3n khai sau n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u00e3y ch\u00e8n m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n <em>D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5Email<\/em> thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp <em>GmailService<\/em> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83d\udd04 L\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/h2>\n<p>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. Khi b\u1ea1n vi\u1ebft m\u00e3, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac li\u00ean t\u1ee5c:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111ang sao ch\u00e9p v\u00e0 d\u00e1n m\u00e3, h\u00e3y d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i. H\u00e3y t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd logic \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, h\u00e3y c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Nh\u1eefng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi c\u00f2n t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0o v\u00ec ch\u00fang s\u1ebd d\u1eabn d\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai sai l\u1ea7m.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i:<\/strong>Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n cho c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u1ea5p cao. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c m\u1eabu th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p trong v\u00f2ng n\u0103m ph\u00fat, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111ang \u0111i \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83d\udd0d T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u: Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/h2>\n<p>M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a OOAD l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c. Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<h3>1. Ch\u00e8n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/h3>\n<p>Thay v\u00ec t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c, h\u00e3y truy\u1ec1n n\u00f3 v\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u00e8n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. N\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 gi\u00fap ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i logic m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n<h3>2. B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5<\/h3>\n<p>Tr\u00e1nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c. N\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u1ea9n v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 theo d\u00f5i. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong h\u00e0m t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eef k\u00fd ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi module<\/h3>\n<p>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c module. M\u1ed9t module kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao di\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c module kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i n\u00e0y b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83c\udf93 T\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1edb cho h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh OOAD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/strong>Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p.<\/li>\n<li><strong>L\u1edbp nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Giao ti\u1ebfp:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nhau.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong>Ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<li><strong>L\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i:<\/strong>S\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n khi b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi th\u00eam.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 tin h\u01a1n v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. H\u00e3y nh\u1edb, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ra khi v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n<p>Gi\u1eef h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Tham kh\u1ea3o n\u00f3 khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ebf t\u1eafc. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eabn d\u1eaft s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf n\u00f3. V\u1edbi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1edbi v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y cho\u00e1ng ng\u1ee3p. \u00c1p l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i giao m\u00e3 nhanh th\u01b0\u1eddng&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":68,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra OOAD thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 m\u1edbi \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi. Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.","inline_featured_image":false,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[6,13],"class_list":["post-67","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-object-oriented-analysis-and-design","tag-academic","tag-object-oriented-analysis-and-design"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra OOAD thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 m\u1edbi \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi. 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