{"id":61,"date":"2026-04-11T18:38:59","date_gmt":"2026-04-11T18:38:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hi-posts.com\/vn\/common-object-oriented-analysis-design-mistakes-fix\/"},"modified":"2026-04-11T18:38:59","modified_gmt":"2026-04-11T18:38:59","slug":"common-object-oriented-analysis-design-mistakes-fix","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hi-posts.com\/vn\/common-object-oriented-analysis-design-mistakes-fix\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 C\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c ch\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n"},"content":{"rendered":"

X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong> (OOAD). Khi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, chi ph\u00ed kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ebd t\u0103ng theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t module v\u00ec c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i (anti-patterns) c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00fd do ch\u00fang x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c ch\u00fang. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y s\u1edbm, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1eabn linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9.<\/p>\n

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\"Kawaii-style<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

1. V\u0169ng l\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \ud83d\udd78\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

S\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. Thay v\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c l\u1edbp bi\u1ebft qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mong manh, n\u01a1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n s\u1ebd bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra<\/h3>\n
    \n
  • Kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp:<\/strong>T\u1ea1o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c thay v\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00e8n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c (dependency injection).<\/li>\n
  • Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c:<\/strong>C\u00e1c l\u1edbp truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 cho nhau.<\/li>\n
  • Thi\u1ebfu tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong>Thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a giao di\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/h3>\n

    Khi s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft cao, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u1ed9t module c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 chu\u1ed7i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ee7i ro, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng lan truy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 vi\u1ebft, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u00edch h\u1ee3p ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n

    Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/h3>\n

    \u00c1p d\u1ee5ngNguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/strong>. Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng. Tri\u1ec3n khai ch\u00e8n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c thay v\u00ec t\u1ea1o ch\u00fang b\u00ean trong. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec3n khai m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

    2. M\u1eabu ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ‘\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00faa’ \ud83c\udfdb\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

    \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd logic li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh, c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c t\u1ec7p tin c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

    D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o<\/h3>\n
      \n
    • L\u1edbp n\u00e0y c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n
    • N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o.<\/li>\n
    • M\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 logic kinh doanh \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda t\u1eadp tin duy nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n
    • C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u ph\u1ea1m vi thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/h3>\n

      T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00faa b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp nh\u1ecf, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n cao. M\u1ed7i l\u1edbp n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u00e1ch logic truy c\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u1ecfi logic kinh doanh. Chuy\u1ec3n logic li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0o l\u1edbp \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp giao di\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u00fap m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n d\u1ec5 thao t\u00e1c h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

      3. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sai k\u1ebf th\u1eeba so v\u1edbi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \ud83e\uddec<\/h2>\n

      K\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. C\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u00e2u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 “L\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1ec5 v\u1ee1”. Khi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp cha thay \u0111\u1ed5i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai h\u00e0nh vi thay v\u00ec m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 “l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t”.<\/p>\n

      V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/h3>\n

      C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp nh\u01b0Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean<\/code>, Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd<\/code>, v\u00e0Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c<\/code> trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y s\u00e2u. N\u1ebfu l\u1edbpNh\u00e2n vi\u00ean<\/code> thay \u0111\u1ed5i logic t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1edbpQu\u1ea3n l\u00fd<\/code> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. S\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e2y n\u00e0y h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n

      Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/h3>\n

      \u00c1p d\u1ee5ngT\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p thay v\u00ec k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/strong>. Thay v\u00ec k\u1ebf th\u1eeba h\u00e0nh vi, h\u00e3y k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cung c\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, v\u00ec c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c nhau, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhau.<\/p>\n

      4. B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc SOLID \ud83d\uded1<\/h2>\n

      C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc SOLID cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec. B\u1ecf qua ch\u00fang trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00edch t\u1ee5 theo th\u1eddi gian. M\u1ed7i ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, khi tu\u00e2n theo s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n

      Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc<\/h3>\n
        \n
      • S \u2013 Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Chia nh\u1ecf tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ra gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/li>\n
      • O \u2013 Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc M\u1edf\/\u0110\u00f3ng:<\/strong> C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/li>\n
      • L \u2013 Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thay th\u1ebf Liskov:<\/strong> C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ki\u1ec3u c\u01a1 s\u1edf. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp con thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cha, th\u00ec c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e2y l\u00e0 sai l\u1ec7ch.<\/li>\n
      • I \u2013 Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u00e1ch giao di\u1ec7n:<\/strong> C\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Chia nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n l\u1edbn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n
      • D \u2013 Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c:<\/strong> C\u00e1c module c\u1ea5p cao kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c module c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        5. T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \ud83d\ude80<\/h2>\n

        Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u00e0nh qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd x\u1ea3y ra. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u1eabu factory ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, factory tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c l\u1edbp b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m tinh vi ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u01b0a x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t giao d\u1ecbch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

        H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/h3>\n

        \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p t\u0103ng l\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. M\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi. Vi\u1ec7c g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n v\u00ec logic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n qua nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n v\u00ec tri\u1ec3n khai ban \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

        Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/h3>\n

        Tu\u00e2n theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc YAGNI<\/strong> (B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3) nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc. Ch\u1ec9 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft sau n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. Gi\u1eef thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

        6. B\u1ecf qua m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a mi\u1ec1n nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 \ud83d\uddfa\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

        M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong OOAD l\u00e0 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n kh\u1ecfi mi\u1ec1n nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh mi\u1ec1n ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (getters v\u00e0 setters), trong khi logic nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u1edbp d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

        V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/h3>\n

        C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i. C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 b\u1ecb r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Logic mi\u1ec1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng truy\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

        Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/h3>\n

        T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ean l\u1edbp v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. G\u1eafn logic nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mi\u1ec1n. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Order<\/code> n\u00ean bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ki\u1ec3m tra ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

        B\u1ea3ng ki\u1ec3m tra ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \ud83d\udccb<\/h2>\n

        \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra sau trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh xem x\u00e9t m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Ki\u1ec3m tra<\/strong><\/th>\nC\u00f3\/Kh\u00f4ng<\/strong><\/th>\nGhi ch\u00fa<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
        C\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u00f3 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung kh\u00f4ng?<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        C\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o giao di\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng?<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u00f3 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cl\u00e0-m\u1ed9t\u201d th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng?<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Logic nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng?<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e8n v\u00e0o thay v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00f4ng?<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 d\u1ec5 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng?<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

        7. X\u1eed l\u00fd l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

        Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u1ed7i s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u lu\u00f4n h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 con tr\u1ecf null ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n khi x\u1ea3y ra c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p bi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

        C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n
          \n
        • X\u00e1c minh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi:<\/strong>Ki\u1ec3m tra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ngay khi n\u00f3 v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u1eed l\u00fd.<\/li>\n
        • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn:<\/strong>N\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, h\u00e3y l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd.<\/li>\n
        • Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nhanh:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng, h\u00e3y n\u00e9m ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c thay v\u00ec cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7.<\/li>\n
        • Ki\u1ec3u t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3u Optional \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, thay v\u00ec ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m tra null \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          8. Kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n

          M\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi hi\u1ec3u l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

          \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ghi ch\u00e9p<\/h3>\n
            \n
          • C\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac:<\/strong>Ghi l\u1ea1i l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn thay v\u00ec m\u1eabu kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
          • Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp:<\/strong>R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00eau ra l\u1edbp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec.<\/li>\n
          • T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n
          • Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n:<\/strong>Ghi ch\u00e9p b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            9. Chi ph\u00ed t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac so v\u1edbi ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba \ud83d\udcb0<\/h2>\n

            R\u1ea5t c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 khi d\u1eddi c\u00e1c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf sang giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau. Tuy nhi\u00ean, chi ph\u00ed s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean khi c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t \u00edt chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda. M\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n sau khi tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i di chuy\u1ec3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt API v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed h\u1ed3i quy quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

            T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/h3>\n

            N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169, \u0111\u1eebng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy t\u1eafc Quy t\u1eafc Th\u1ee3 s\u0103n trai<\/strong>: lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi khi b\u1ea1n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y. Khi thao t\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t module \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00eam t\u00ednh n\u0103ng, h\u00e3y t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u00f3. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

            10. C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

            M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. T\u1ea1o c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u0129nh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

            Suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng \ud83c\udf31<\/h2>\n

            Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch nghi. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o ngay t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u01a1n tru. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

            T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. Khi c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd, h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e0y trong s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng n\u1eefa s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":62,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong OOAD v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c ch\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00faa. H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.","inline_featured_image":false,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[6,13],"class_list":["post-61","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-object-oriented-analysis-and-design","tag-academic","tag-object-oriented-analysis-and-design"],"yoast_head":"\nNh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong OOAD v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c ch\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00faa. 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