{"id":59,"date":"2026-04-12T04:56:47","date_gmt":"2026-04-12T04:56:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hi-posts.com\/vn\/object-oriented-analysis-design-guide\/"},"modified":"2026-04-12T04:56:47","modified_gmt":"2026-04-12T04:56:47","slug":"object-oriented-analysis-design-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hi-posts.com\/vn\/object-oriented-analysis-design-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng"},"content":{"rendered":"

Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u01a1n tru th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOAD) tr\u1edf n\u00ean thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu. OOAD kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u then ch\u1ed1t. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y d\u1eabn d\u1eaft b\u1ea1n qua to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 hay s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, lu\u1ed3ng logic v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u00ean ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf hay m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u1eabn nh\u01b0 nhau. H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 t\u01b0 duy c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

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\"Chibi-style<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\ud83e\udde9 Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/h2>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 OOAD th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. N\u00f3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng thay th\u1ebf cho nhau, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

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  • Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch<\/strong> t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec<\/em> h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m g\u00ec. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, hi\u1ec3u nhu c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea1m vi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/li>\n
  • Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/strong> t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c<\/em> h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u1ea3 hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n. N\u00f3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em> ch\u1ee9a c\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c, gi\u00fap m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

    \ud83d\udd11 Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h3>\n

    \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 b\u1ed1n tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tri\u1ec3n khai OOAD n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Bao \u0111\u00f3ng:<\/strong> Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y gom d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c thao t\u00e1c tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1edbp. N\u00f3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf truy c\u1eadp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sai d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
    • Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a:<\/strong> Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c che gi\u1ea5u c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c thay v\u00ec c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u00ean trong.<\/li>\n
    • K\u1ebf th\u1eeba:<\/strong> C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. N\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
    • \u0110a h\u00ecnh:<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cha thay v\u00ec l\u1edbp th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c nhau ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \ud83d\udccb Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1: Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\n

      Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u, n\u01a1i b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

      \ud83d\udd0d B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/h3>\n

      M\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia<\/em>. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ai t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc logic \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n

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      • Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia:<\/strong>Li\u1ec7t k\u00ea m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em>, m\u1ed9t Qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean<\/em>, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t C\u1ed5ng thanh to\u00e1n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/em>.<\/li>\n
      • C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m \u0110\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng<\/em>, T\u1ea1o b\u00e1o c\u00e1o<\/em>, ho\u1eb7c C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt h\u1ed3 s\u01a1<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Khi t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, h\u00e3y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o lu\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra khi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng? \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu x\u1ea3y ra l\u1ed7i? Vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y gi\u00fap d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t s\u1edbm.<\/p>\n

        \ud83d\udcca B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh mi\u1ec1n<\/h3>\n

        M\u1ed9t khi b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft ai s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh trong mi\u1ec1n. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp<\/em>. M\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

        X\u00e9t m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 S\u00e1ch<\/em>, Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean<\/em>, M\u01b0\u1ee3n<\/em>, v\u00e0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/em>. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh cho t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t S\u00e1ch<\/em>, c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m Ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1<\/em>, ISBN<\/em>, v\u00e0 N\u0103m xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n<\/em>. B\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng chung gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n

        \ud83d\udd04 B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/h3>\n

        C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ebfm khi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. Ch\u00fang li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean<\/em> m\u01b0\u1ee3n m\u1ed9t S\u00e1ch<\/em>.<\/li>\n
        • T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. M\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ed9i<\/em> c\u00f3 Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9i.<\/li>\n
        • Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ea1nh trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhau. M\u1ed9t Ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0<\/em> ch\u1ee9a Ph\u00f2ng<\/em>; n\u1ebfu ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
        • K\u1ebf th\u1eeba:<\/strong> Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp con l\u00e0 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp cha.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          Lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/th>\nPh\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/th>\nV\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/th>\n\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
          Li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/td>\nY\u1ebfu<\/td>\nGi\u00e1o vi\u00ean d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc sinh<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p<\/td>\nY\u1ebfu<\/td>\nPh\u00f2ng ban c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/td>\nM\u1ea1nh<\/td>\n\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c<\/td>\nPh\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          K\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/td>\nNghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t<\/td>\nXe h\u01a1i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/td>\nChuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

          \u2699\ufe0f Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2: Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\n

          V\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp, b\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n sang giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb logic kinh doanh sang c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

          \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: T\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp<\/h3>\n

          S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ch\u00fang tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri\u1ec3n khai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

          Khi v\u1ebd c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u sau:<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \u0110\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb:<\/strong>R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai (+), ri\u00eang t\u01b0 (-) ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 (#). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i.<\/li>\n
          • Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m:<\/strong> M\u1ed7i l\u1edbp n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, duy nh\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/li>\n
          • Giao di\u1ec7n:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh giao di\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng khai c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp. C\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea9n \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng m\u00e3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \ud83d\udcc9 B\u01b0\u1edbc 5: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/h3>\n

            C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u0129nh th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c theo th\u1eddi gian nh\u1eb1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

            Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1, b\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n

              \n
            • S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo chi\u1ec1u ngang \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u00ean.<\/li>\n
            • V\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng (d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi) k\u00e9o d\u00e0i xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n th\u1eddi gian.<\/li>\n
            • V\u1ebd c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ngang \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n
            • Ghi ch\u00fa lu\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a n\u00e0y gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn, c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng logic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd t\u1eeb h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

              \ud83e\uddf1 B\u01b0\u1edbc 6: \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/h3>\n

              C\u00e1c m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 theo c\u00e1ch linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ecdi m\u1eabu, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • Singleton:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 duy nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec3m truy c\u1eadp to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3. H\u1eefu \u00edch cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec7m k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n
              • Factory:<\/strong> Cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong l\u1edbp cha, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con thay \u0111\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t m\u00e3 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
              • Observer:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sao cho khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n
              • Strategy:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i t\u1eebng thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf l\u1eabn nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                \ud83d\ude80 X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/h2>\n

                Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. D\u00f9 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng h\u01a1n, nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u01a1n hay nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh n\u0103ng h\u01a1n, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

                \ud83d\udcd0 B\u01b0\u1edbc 7: Th\u1ef1c thi t\u00ednh module<\/h3>\n

                M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh module. Chia h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c module \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nhau qua c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t module c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c module kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m:<\/strong> Gi\u1eef logic kinh doanh t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi logic truy c\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 logic giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.<\/li>\n
                • T\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft cao:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t module c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhau. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t module ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi r\u1ed1i ren c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c.<\/li>\n
                • T\u00ednh li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u1ea5p:<\/strong>Gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c module. C\u00e1c module n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \ud83d\udcc8 B\u01b0\u1edbc 8: L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n

                  Khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng s\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • An to\u00e0n cho lu\u1ed3ng:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1ed3ng. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/li>\n
                  • B\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m:<\/strong>Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i cho c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. L\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean truy c\u1eadp trong b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 truy xu\u1ea5t nhanh h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n
                  • X\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng b\u1ecb treo v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    \ud83d\udd04 B\u01b0\u1edbc 9: Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i<\/h3>\n

                    Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. Khi b\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c m\u1edbi. H\u00e3y s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/strong>L\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf lu\u00f4n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
                    • V\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i:<\/strong>T\u00edch h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, h\u00e3y thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f3.<\/li>\n
                    • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Gi\u1eef cho t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n lu\u00f4n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      \u26a0\ufe0f Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh<\/h2>\n

                      Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, sai l\u1ea7m v\u1eabn x\u1ea3y ra. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c:<\/strong>\u0110\u1eebng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Tr\u00e1nh t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u1ebf th\u1eeba ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p cho c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Gi\u1eef \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
                      • C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh:<\/strong>Tr\u00e1nh t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u1edbp l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, thanh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. H\u00e3y chia nh\u1ecf tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m.<\/li>\n
                      • B\u1ecf qua x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u1ed7i:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb s\u1eadp ngay khi g\u1eb7p l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0o logic c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/li>\n
                      • G\u00e1n c\u1ee9ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd g\u00e1n c\u1ee9ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd, ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ec7p c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        \ud83d\udcdd T\u00f3m t\u1eaft quy tr\u00ecnh<\/h2>\n

                        T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. B\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u00e0nh vi, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch:<\/strong> Thu th\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00f3a mi\u1ec1n.<\/li>\n
                        • Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf:<\/strong>T\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/li>\n
                        • Tri\u1ec3n khai:<\/strong>Vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/li>\n
                        • Xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i:<\/strong>T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f4m nay m\u00e0 c\u00f2n linh ho\u1ea1t cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cung c\u1ea5p c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. N\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

                          \ud83c\udf93 Nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/h2>\n

                          Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn, k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb sai l\u1ea7m. OOAD l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 trong kho v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft khi n\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ecf, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

                          H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e0o ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u1eed th\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                          Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u01a1n tru th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m \u1edf…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":60,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho C\u00e1c H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOAD) t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng.","inline_featured_image":false,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[6,13],"class_list":["post-59","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-object-oriented-analysis-and-design","tag-academic","tag-object-oriented-analysis-and-design"],"yoast_head":"\nH\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho C\u00e1c H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOAD) t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc. 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