{"id":368,"date":"2026-04-11T13:33:35","date_gmt":"2026-04-11T13:33:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hi-posts.com\/vn\/object-oriented-analysis-design-class-diagram-tutorial\/"},"modified":"2026-04-11T13:33:35","modified_gmt":"2026-04-11T13:33:35","slug":"object-oriented-analysis-design-class-diagram-tutorial","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hi-posts.com\/vn\/object-oriented-analysis-design-class-diagram-tutorial\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: T\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c"},"content":{"rendered":"

X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 logic kh\u00e1c nhau t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOAD) cung c\u1ea5p khung n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft n\u00e0y. \u1ede trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a OOAD l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 n\u00e0o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y cho\u00e1ng ng\u1ee3p b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh h\u1ed9p v\u00e0 m\u0169i t\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn b\u1ea1n t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

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\"Hand-drawn<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m C\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \ud83e\udde0<\/h2>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh h\u1ed9p, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang v\u1ebd g\u00ec. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • L\u1edbp:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
  • \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp. N\u1ebfu l\u1edbp l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb n\u00f3.<\/li>\n
  • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong> D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m t\u00ean<\/em>, gi\u00e1<\/em>, ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/em>.<\/li>\n
  • Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t h\u00e0m ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m t\u00ednhT\u1ed5ng<\/em> ho\u1eb7c c\u1eadp_nh\u1eadt_tr\u1ea1ng_th\u00e1i<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    H\u00e3y h\u00ecnh dung s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n lu\u1ed3ng giao th\u00f4ng (\u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1), nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u00e3 t\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. G\u00f3c nh\u00ecn t\u0129nh n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

    B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh mi\u1ec1n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \ud83c\udf0d<\/h2>\n

    B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong OOAD l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

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    1. \u0110\u1ecdc c\u00e1c Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u:<\/strong> T\u00ecm c\u00e1c danh t\u1eeb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3.<\/li>\n
    2. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Ch\u00ednh:<\/strong> Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 “Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em>, \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>, S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/em>).<\/li>\n
    3. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi:<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec n\u1eb1m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n bao g\u1ed3m trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0S\u00e1ch<\/em>, Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean<\/em>, v\u00e0M\u01b0\u1ee3n<\/em>. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t trang web th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0oGi\u1ecf h\u00e0ng<\/em>, Thanh to\u00e1n<\/em>, v\u00e0Kho h\u00e0ng<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: T\u00ecm c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \ud83d\udd0d<\/h2>\n

      Khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0ph\u00e2n t\u00edch danh t\u1eeb<\/em>.<\/p>\n

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      • Qu\u00e9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n:<\/strong>Nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c danh t\u1eeb trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/li>\n
      • L\u1ecdc:<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp. Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3.<\/li>\n
      • Nh\u00f3m:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u danh t\u1eeb m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, h\u00e3y g\u1ed9p ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Xem x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/em>. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 theo d\u00f5i m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em>. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00e1c nhau, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

        B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

        V\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac tri\u1ec3n khai chi ti\u1ebft ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

        X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/h3>\n

        Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp. Khi li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u sau:<\/p>\n

          \n
        • D\u1eef li\u1ec7u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu:<\/strong> Th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1edbp ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng?<\/li>\n
        • Ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Chu\u1ed7i<\/em>, S\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean<\/em>, Ng\u00e0y<\/em>).<\/li>\n
        • M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng khai hay ri\u00eang t\u01b0 hay kh\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang t\u01b0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c<\/h3>\n

          C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho h\u00e0nh vi. L\u1edbp n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec? H\u00e3y t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n:<\/p>\n

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          • H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong> Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb n\u00e0o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y?<\/li>\n
          • T\u00ednh to\u00e1n:<\/strong> L\u1edbp n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
          • Giao ti\u1ebfp:<\/strong>L\u1edbp n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/em>l\u1edbp, m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1<\/em> (Th\u1eadp ph\u00e2n), v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u00e1pD\u1ee5ngChi\u1ebftKh\u1ea5u<\/em> (Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd).<\/p>\n

            B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: X\u00e1c l\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \ud83d\udd78\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

            C\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. Ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t trong OOAD.<\/p>\n

            C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u:<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft chung gi\u1eefa hai l\u1edbp. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
            2. K\u1ebf th\u1eeba:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp l\u00e0 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
            3. T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9-ph\u1ea7n, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/li>\n
            4. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9-ph\u1ea7n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
              Lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/th>\n\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a<\/th>\nV\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
              Li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t Sinh vi\u00ean<\/em> \u0111ang \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/em>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              K\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/td>\nM\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u201d.<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t Xe h\u01a1i<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/em>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p<\/td>\nM\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cc\u00f3 m\u1ed9t\u201d; c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t Ph\u00f2ng ban<\/em> c\u00f3 Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean<\/em> (nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u00f2ng ban).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/td>\nM\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cc\u00f3 m\u1ed9t\u201d m\u1ea1nh; c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o to\u00e0n b\u1ed9.<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t Ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0<\/em> c\u00f3 Ph\u00f2ng<\/em> (ph\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

              B\u01b0\u1edbc 5: Tinh ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

              Sau khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd xong, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i n\u00f3. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c chu tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong>Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n n\u01a1i Class A ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Class B, m\u00e0 Class B l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Class A.<\/li>\n
              • X\u00e1c minh t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft. Li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u hay nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u?<\/li>\n
              • \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p l\u00fd thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 l\u1edbp \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n
              • Gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c:<\/strong> H\u00e3y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                Sai l\u1ea7m<\/th>\nH\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/th>\nS\u1eeda ch\u1eefa<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp<\/td>\nH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/td>\nK\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c l\u1edbp li\u00ean quan th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/td>\nL\u1edbp tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd.<\/td>\nChuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan sang m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u1edbi.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                T\u00ean kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/td>\nC\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp.<\/td>\nS\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/td>\nL\u1ed7i logic x\u1ea3y ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ea1y.<\/td>\nTh\u00eam c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 min<\/em>, max<\/em>, ho\u1eb7c duy nh\u1ea5t<\/em> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t khi \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n

                T\u00ean l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. Ch\u00fang truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 \u00edt:<\/strong> \u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u1edbp nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1 \u00edt (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em> thay v\u00ec Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em>).<\/li>\n
                • Trung th\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3:<\/strong>Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c t\u00ean chung chung nh\u01b0 D\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/em> ho\u1eb7c Th\u00f4ng tin<\/em>. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Chi ti\u1ebft\u0110\u01a1nH\u00e0ng<\/em> ho\u1eb7c Nh\u1eadt k\u00fdGiao d\u1ecbch<\/em>.<\/li>\n
                • Tu\u00e2n theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc:<\/strong>Tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean chu\u1ea9n cho ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: PascalCase cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp).<\/li>\n
                • Tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft:<\/strong>Tr\u1eeb khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, h\u00e3y vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  C\u00e1c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc n\u00e2ng cao \ud83d\udd27<\/h2>\n

                  Khi b\u1ea1n t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh nghi\u1ec7m, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e2ng cao c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd.<\/p>\n

                  Giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h3>\n

                  \u0110\u00f4i khi, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tri\u1ec3n khai h\u00e0nh vi. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i giao di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec3n khai. L\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec3n khai c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 linh ho\u1ea1t trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

                  M\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/h3>\n

                  C\u00e1c m\u1eabu l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00fa ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, c\u00e1c m\u1eabu n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1eabu Singleton<\/em> \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 duy nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. M\u1eabu Factory<\/em> x\u1eed l\u00fd logic t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1eabu n\u00e0y trong bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

                  T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

                  Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 n\u00ean ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Th\u00eam ghi ch\u00fa \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c logic ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ho\u1eb7c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 v\u1edbi m\u00e3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u00f2n t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

                  Suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \ud83d\ude80<\/h2>\n

                  Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n qua th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1eebng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a m\u1ecdi chi ti\u1ebft trong l\u1ea7n l\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 khi b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

                  H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a OOAD l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n h\u1ecfi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. H\u00e3y d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian, xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn chi ti\u1ebft, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u1eed th\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

                  B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u1eaby ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe l\u00e2u d\u00e0i cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 logic kh\u00e1c nhau t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":369,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn OOAD: T\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp cho ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. 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