{"id":114,"date":"2026-04-07T00:31:25","date_gmt":"2026-04-07T00:31:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hi-posts.com\/vn\/troubleshooting-weak-designs-ooad-failure-rescue\/"},"modified":"2026-04-07T00:31:25","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T00:31:25","slug":"troubleshooting-weak-designs-ooad-failure-rescue","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hi-posts.com\/vn\/troubleshooting-weak-designs-ooad-failure-rescue\/","title":{"rendered":"Kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m: Khi Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Khi Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOAD) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch, n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t khung n\u1ec1n v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ban \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u sai, m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 mong manh. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t khi OOAD th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 v\u00e0 n\u00eau ra m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m d\u1eebng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

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\"Cartoon<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

1. Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 trong OOAD \ud83d\udea9<\/h2>\n

C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf y\u1ebfu th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ebfm khi c\u00f4ng khai ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. Ch\u00fang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 tinh t\u1ebf, t\u00edch t\u1ee5 theo th\u1eddi gian. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y lo l\u1eafng khi thao t\u00e1c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c module c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. S\u1ef1 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o ch\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi logic kinh doanh. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111ang th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, h\u00e3y t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i sau \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c\u8026\u5408:<\/strong> Khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c module ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/li>\n
  • Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp x\u1eed l\u00fd k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 logic kinh doanh c\u00f9ng l\u00fac, th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung.<\/li>\n
  • \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201cTh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf\u201d:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp duy nh\u1ea5t bi\u1ebft qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua \u0111i\u1ec3m trung t\u00e2m n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n
  • C\u00e1c c\u1ea5p k\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u00e2u:<\/strong> Khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong l\u1edbp cha c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lan truy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd xu\u1ed1ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 chu\u1ed7i.<\/li>\n
  • Logic h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n:<\/strong> C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c controller, service v\u00e0 model. S\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi.<\/li>\n
  • Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi c\u1ee9ng:<\/strong> C\u00e1c h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 logic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00fang tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c thay v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 tham s\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y s\u1edbm gi\u00fap d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. M\u1ed7i tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, t\u00edch l\u0169y l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

    2. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \ud83d\udd0d<\/h2>\n

    Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa n\u00f3. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong OOAD xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb sai s\u00f3t trong quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do thi\u1ebfu k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 tr\u00e1nh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp theo.<\/p>\n

    Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng<\/h3>\n

    C\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecf qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1c th\u1eddi gian nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean sai khi c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o, bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i v\u00e1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf thay v\u00ec x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

    B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng mi\u1ec1n<\/h3>\n

    Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea5n \u00e1t mi\u1ec1n kinh doanh. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c, m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u00ea cung tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f3 \u0111i l\u1ea1i. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa mi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n

    H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u1eeb m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u0169<\/h3>\n

    B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i ch\u00e8n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u0169. Vi\u1ec7c \u201cb\u1ecdc logic m\u1edbi quanh m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u0169\u201d n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 thay b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng theo h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7<\/h3>\n

    C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00fa ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd b\u1ecf s\u00f3t c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac. N\u1ebfu quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf y\u1ebfu s\u1ebd tr\u01b0\u1ee3t qua v\u00e0 \u0111i v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

    3. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

    M\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Khi nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i n\u00e0o ch\u00fang b\u1ecb suy y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

    Vi ph\u1ea1m t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i<\/h3>\n

    Bao b\u1ecdc b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. Khi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c getter\/setter, logic n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp s\u1ebd b\u1ecb l\u1ed9 ra. M\u00e3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thao t\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn l\u1edbp. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

    S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1eeba k\u1ebf sai m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/h3>\n

    Th\u1eeba k\u1ebf n\u00ean m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 “l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t”. Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1eeba k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 thay v\u00ec m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, h\u1ecd t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u1eeba k\u1ebf d\u1ec5 g\u00e3y. M\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u00e2y s\u00e2u, n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp l\u00e1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean xa x\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

    H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111a h\u00ecnh<\/h3>\n

    \u0110a h\u00ecnh cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n chung. C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf y\u1ebfu th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m tra ki\u1ec3u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: “n\u1ebfu ki\u1ec3u l\u00e0 X th\u00ec l\u00e0m Y”) thay v\u00ec ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111a h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/strong><\/th>\nTh\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh<\/strong><\/th>\nTh\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
    Bao b\u1ecdc<\/td>\nTr\u01b0\u1eddng ri\u00eang t\u01b0, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c giao di\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng khai<\/td>\nTr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng khai, thao t\u00e1c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/td>\nPh\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o giao di\u1ec7n<\/td>\nPh\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u1edbp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    T\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m duy nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp<\/td>\nNhi\u1ec1u tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau cho m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a<\/td>\nL\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho h\u00e0nh vi chung<\/td>\nM\u00e3 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

    4. T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c: K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee9u h\u1ed9 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

    C\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn theo t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong khi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

    B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: Ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n

    B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c module d\u1ec5 t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5t. Ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

    B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea1m vi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed<\/h3>\n

    T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed l\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro. N\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, h\u00e3y t\u1ea1o ch\u00fang cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i quan tr\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m l\u01b0\u1edbi an to\u00e0n. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

    B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: Tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t giao di\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n

    Thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng giao di\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi tri\u1ec3n khai kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n sau n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i m\u00e3 g\u1ecdi. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5p cao tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

    B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m duy nh\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n

    Ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c l\u1edbp l\u1edbn. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, h\u00e3y chia nh\u1ecf n\u00f3. Chuy\u1ec3n logic sang c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u1edbi t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khi \u0111\u1ecdc m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

    B\u01b0\u1edbc 5: \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/h3>\n

    Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e2y k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. \u1ede nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, \u01b0u ti\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p thay v\u00ec k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p cho ph\u00e9p th\u00eam h\u00e0nh vi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

    B\u01b0\u1edbc 6: X\u00e1c minh v\u00e0 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i<\/h3>\n

    Sau m\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, ch\u1ea1y b\u1ed9 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. G\u1eedi thay \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba t\u00edch t\u1ee5 l\u1ed7i. L\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i chu k\u1ef3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

    5. Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u2705<\/h2>\n

    Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00e3 m\u1edbi tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc M\u1edf\/\u0110\u00f3ng:<\/strong>C\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
    • Thay th\u1ebf Liskov:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u1edbp con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u1edbp cha m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y l\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
    • Ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch giao di\u1ec7n:<\/strong>C\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
    • \u0110\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c:<\/strong>C\u00e1c module c\u1ea5p cao c\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay v\u00ec chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong t\u01b0 duy. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 th\u00f4ng minh; m\u00e0 l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v\u1eabn d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

      6. Ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n n\u1ee3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

      M\u1ed9t khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba suy gi\u1ea3m. OOAD kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i t\u00edch h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m tra thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0o quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

      Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00e3<\/h3>\n

      C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac. H\u1ecfi c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng? N\u00f3 c\u00f3 vi ph\u1ea1m t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng? T\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u00e9o (pull requests) \u01b0u ti\u00ean t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u01a1n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

      T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/h3>\n

      T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

      C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3<\/h3>\n

      D\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Xem t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u sau c\u00f9ng. D\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee3t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe<\/strong><\/th>\nCh\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u1ee3<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
      Ph\u1ea1m vi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed cao (>80%)<\/td>\nKi\u1ec3m th\u1eed th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng cho m\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      S\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/td>\nLogic r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ec7p<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c module t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/td>\nKh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/td>\n\u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c m\u01a1 h\u1ed3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

      7. Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh refactoring \ud83d\udea7<\/h2>\n

      Ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 v\u1eabn g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u01a1n tru.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf:<\/strong> T\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Ch\u1ec9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a khi b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u00edt nh\u1ea5t hai l\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n
      • B\u1ecf qua b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh:<\/strong> \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kinh doanh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. M\u1ed9t m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
      • Suy gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t:<\/strong> Refactoring c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5. Theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9.<\/li>\n
      • S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00edch c\u00e1ch c\u0169. Truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1edbi. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i gi\u1ea3m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        8. Chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf y\u1ebfu \ud83d\udcb0<\/h2>\n

        B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong OOAD c\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. N\u00f3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. T\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. L\u00e0m ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khi h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm.<\/p>\n

        M\u1ed7i gi\u1edd d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn chi ph\u00ed d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

        9. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 \ud83c\udfdb\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

        M\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh. S\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao ti\u1ebfp th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean linh ho\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n

        T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111ang l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c, h\u00e3y t\u00e1ch n\u00f3 ra. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp, h\u00e3y k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

        10. T\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n

        C\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u1ecfi OOAD y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m l\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ea3 thi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 trung th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft cao v\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u00e2u.<\/li>\n
        • Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
        • Refactor t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bao ph\u1ee7 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed.<\/li>\n
        • \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n.<\/li>\n
        • Ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai th\u00f4ng qua ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ki\u1ec3m tra.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n mong manh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Khi Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOAD) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":115,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"C\u1ee9u c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf OOAD y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 refactoring, gi\u1ea3m n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111ang th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.","inline_featured_image":false,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[6,13],"class_list":["post-114","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-object-oriented-analysis-and-design","tag-academic","tag-object-oriented-analysis-and-design"],"yoast_head":"\nC\u1ee9u c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf OOAD y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. 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