{"id":108,"date":"2026-04-07T17:02:35","date_gmt":"2026-04-07T17:02:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hi-posts.com\/vn\/object-oriented-analysis-and-design-guide\/"},"modified":"2026-04-07T17:02:35","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T17:02:35","slug":"object-oriented-analysis-and-design-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hi-posts.com\/vn\/object-oriented-analysis-and-design-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch C\u00e1c Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p Cho Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1edbi B\u1eaft \u0110\u1ea7u"},"content":{"rendered":"

Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p l\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. Khi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOAD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn OOAD, mang \u0111\u1ebfn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec3u OOAD kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 hay ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 duy. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh module, d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf hay m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng doanh nghi\u1ec7p quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

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\"Kawaii-style<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \ud83e\udde9<\/h2>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. N\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Quy tr\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh: Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOA):<\/strong> Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n \u201cC\u00e1i g\u00ec\u201d c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong mi\u1ec1n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho logic kinh doanh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/li>\n
  • Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOD):<\/strong> Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n \u201cL\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o\u201d. N\u00f3 l\u1ea5y m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u1ecfi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n n\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 sai m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef C\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \ud83d\udd11<\/h2>\n

    \u0110\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh OOAD m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ch\u00fang mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

    1. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 L\u1edbp \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

    M\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a c\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong b\u00e3i \u0111\u1eadu xe l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, h\u00e3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi nh\u01b0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c v\u00e0 phanh.<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t L\u1edbp<\/strong>l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ho\u1eb7c m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd chia s\u1ebb. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u00ec l\u1edbp \u201cCar\u201d s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe l\u00e0 xe. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c xe \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, d\u00f9 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/li>\n
    • Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c:<\/strong>C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. C\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0m ho\u1eb7c thao t\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      2. Bao \u0111\u00f3ng \ud83d\udd12<\/h3>\n

      Bao \u0111\u00f3ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c gom d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t (l\u1edbp). Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf truy c\u1eadp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n truy c\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

      B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u1ea9n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1ea1n ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n m\u00e3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f3 theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea9n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 d\u01b0 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho ph\u00e9p thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 n\u1ea1p ti\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c r\u00fat ti\u1ec1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ed1 d\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u00e2m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 logic x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

      3. Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a \ud83e\udde0<\/h3>\n

      Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c che gi\u1ea5u c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ea5p cao m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

      Khi b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng phun nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean trong nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. B\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nh\u1ea5n b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1p s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9. Trong OOAD, tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp tri\u1ec3n khai ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong to\u00e0n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

      4. K\u1ebf th\u1eeba \ud83c\udf3f<\/h3>\n

      K\u1ebf th\u1eeba cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. L\u1edbp m\u1edbi n\u00e0y k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cha nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

      V\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cho m\u1ed9t s\u1edf th\u00fa. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/code>. Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp nh\u01b0S\u01b0 t\u1eed<\/code> v\u00e0B\u1ed3 c\u00e2u<\/code> m\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb\u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/code>. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi chung nh\u01b0 \u0103n v\u00e0 ng\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng l\u1edbpS\u01b0 t\u1eed<\/code> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c g\u1ea7m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, trong khi l\u1edbpB\u1ed3 c\u00e2u<\/code> \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c bay.<\/p>\n

      5. \u0110a h\u00ecnh \ud83c\udfad<\/h3>\n

      \u0110a h\u00ecnh cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t si\u00eau l\u1edbp chung. N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u00e1c nhau (ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u). S\u1ef1 linh ho\u1ea1t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

      Trong v\u00ed d\u1ee5 s\u1edf th\u00fa, m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0ph\u00e1tTi\u1ebfng<\/code> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi tr\u00ean b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o\u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/code> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9tS\u01b0 t\u1eed<\/code>, n\u00f3 g\u1ea7m. N\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9tB\u1ed3 c\u00e2u<\/code>, n\u00f3 k\u00eau th\u00e9t. M\u00e3 g\u1ecdi kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3; n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t ra \u00e2m thanh.<\/p>\n

      C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc trong quy tr\u00ecnh OOAD \ud83d\ude80<\/h2>\n

      Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n OOAD \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt. B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i sau n\u00e0y. Quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y n\u00f3i chung tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

      Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1: Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/h3>\n

      \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. \u0110\u1ed9i ng\u0169 thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan, xem x\u00e9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 thi.<\/p>\n

      Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a mi\u1ec1n<\/h3>\n

      \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110\u1ed9i ng\u0169 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/code>.<\/p>\n

      Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 3: Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/h3>\n

      C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng (giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, logic, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u) v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, n\u01a1i m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

      Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 4: Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chi ti\u1ebft<\/h3>\n

      Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m tinh ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ch\u1eef k\u00fd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u1ed7i. C\u00e1c m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

      Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 5: Tri\u1ec3n khai<\/h3>\n

      Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc OOAD h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 s\u1ea1ch, c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

      Tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf: C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

      M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u1ef1c quan gi\u00fap c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec3u c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (UML) l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3<\/th>\nM\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/th>\n\u0110i\u1ec3m t\u1eadp trung ch\u00ednh<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/strong><\/td>\nY\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/td>\nC\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh<\/td>\nL\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/strong><\/td>\nH\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/td>\nT\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo th\u1eddi gian<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/strong><\/td>\nChu k\u1ef3 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/td>\nC\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 phi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

      C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u2699\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

      M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 OOAD cung c\u1ea5p khung n\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tri\u1ec3n khai. Vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ea3 thao t\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 logic giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111ang l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c. Chia t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n d\u1ec5 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n
      • Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc M\u1edf\/\u0110\u00f3ng:<\/strong>C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i. B\u1ea1n n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua k\u1ebf th\u1eeba ho\u1eb7c giao di\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n
      • \u0110\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c:<\/strong>C\u00e1c module c\u1ea5p cao kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c module c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch so v\u1edbi Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf: M\u1ed9t so s\u00e1nh \ud83c\udd9a<\/h2>\n

        R\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khi nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh<\/th>\nPh\u00e2n t\u00edch<\/th>\nThi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
        Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/strong><\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng gian v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng gian gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi<\/strong><\/td>\nH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec?<\/td>\nH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/td>\nPh\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \u0110\u1ea7u ra<\/strong><\/td>\nM\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/td>\nTh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        C\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan<\/strong><\/td>\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kinh doanh<\/td>\nL\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eef cho c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o tri\u1ec3n khai k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y h\u01a1n l\u00e0 trong m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

        Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong OOAD \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

        M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch, OOAD kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9. Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y s\u1edbm s\u1ebd gi\u00fap l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

        1. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c<\/h3>\n

        R\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 khi t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 linh ho\u1ea1t cao cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc YAGNI (B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3) g\u1ee3i \u00fd ch\u1ec9 th\u00eam ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng khi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

        2. Li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd<\/h3>\n

        Li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c module ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng l\u1edbp kia. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u00e8n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

        3. Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/h3>\n

        Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1 chung chung ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd thi\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. N\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 chung chung, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ra m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

        4. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng cong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp<\/h3>\n

        OOAD \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong t\u01b0 duy. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quen v\u1edbi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c quan ban \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u1ea7n ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 \u0111a h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

        L\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng OOAD \ud83c\udf1f<\/h2>\n

        Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00e0y x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • D\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec:<\/strong>M\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb logic. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ebfm khi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
        • Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>C\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ho\u1eb7c module kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m l\u1ed7i.<\/li>\n
        • Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t module c\u1ee7a OOAD cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u1edbi thay v\u00ec s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c l\u1edbp hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/li>\n
        • H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c:<\/strong>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nhau.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf: M\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \ud83d\udca1<\/h2>\n

          H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng xem m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

          Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch<\/strong>, \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh sau: S\u00e1ch<\/code>, Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean<\/code>, M\u01b0\u1ee3n<\/code>, v\u00e0 Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n<\/code>. H\u1ecd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n m\u1ed9t S\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

          Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/strong>, nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp. L\u1edbp S\u00e1ch<\/code> c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 ISBN. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng. L\u1edbp Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean<\/code> theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n. L\u1edbp Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n<\/code> ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

          Bao \u0111\u00f3ng<\/strong> \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng l\u1edbp Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean<\/code> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a S\u00e1ch<\/code> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c thanh to\u00e1n m\u01b0\u1ee3n<\/code> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c. K\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/strong> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Sinh vi\u00ean<\/code> ho\u1eb7c Gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean<\/code>, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u01b0\u1ee3n kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

          C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. N\u1ebfu th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00eam ph\u00ed ph\u1ea1t, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbp M\u01b0\u1ee3n<\/code> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbp S\u00e1ch<\/code> l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n

          Ti\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc \ud83d\udee4\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

          Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 duy, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u1ecf. Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. V\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Khi t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh nghi\u1ec7m, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00e9p m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch.<\/p>\n

          B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a OOAD, b\u1ea1n trang b\u1ecb cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u00edch nghi khi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p l\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. Khi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":109,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOAD) v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. 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